六、动词
1、动词分类（一）：连系动词、实义动词、助动词和情态动词。
1.1常用的连系动词有：
appear be become come fall feel get go grow keep
lie remain rest run smell sound stand stay taste look
1.2实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分
1.3助动词无实际意义，只起语法作用：
Do you read newspaper every day？ The job will be finished soon.
1.4情态动词不能单独作谓语，增加谓语的情态、语气等色彩。
2、动词种类（二）
2.1界限性动词（不能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用），如：
catch come die find give join kill lose leave marry realize
2.2非界限性动词（所表示的动作或状态可以一直进行下去）
①动态动词：live， sit， stand， study， talk， work， write等
②状态动词：be， belong， consist， exist， feel， hate， have， hope， love， want等
3、常跟双宾语的动词有：
ask bring buy choose do deny fetch get give grant hand leave lend
make offer order pay pass promise sell send show take teach tell write
常见动词搭配：
1、动词 + 介词：
listen to听 amount to等于 long for渴望 call on号召 operate on 为……动手术
consist of 由……组成 resist in坚持 account for解释 look at 看 care for 照顾
object to反对 send for 派人去请 rely on 依靠 depend on 依靠 stand for代表
laugh at 嘲笑 wait for等待 look into调查 apply for申请 believe in 信仰
play with玩 come across碰见 go through通过
2、动词 + 副词：
give up放弃 carry out执行 look up查找 point out指出 bring up抚养
find out查明 hand in上交 make out认出 think over考虑 put on穿
wipe out消灭 pick up拣起 throw away抛弃 set up建立 take off脱掉
turn down拒绝 give away暴露 hand out分发 call off取消 turn off关掉
knock off停工 stand up起立 break down出毛病 look out小心 take off起飞
run out耗尽 catch up赶上 give in让步 grow up长大 hang around逗留
pass away去世 show off炫耀 drop out退出 get up起床 go on 继续
3、动词 + 副词 + 介词：
cut down on减少 get along with与…相处 run out of 用光 look up to尊敬 date back to追溯
get through with完成 keep up with 跟上 make up for 补偿 come down with患病 sit in on旁听
do away with 抛弃 look forward to 期望 put up with 忍受 stand up to反对 look down upon瞧不起
4、动词 + 名词 + 介词
catch sight of 看见 find fault with挑…毛病 keep an eye on照看 make fun of 取笑
make friends with与…交友 pay attention to注意 shake hands with与…握手 take advantage of 利用
take part in参加 get rid of摆脱 give rise to引起 lose sight of 看不见
make use of 利用 take care of照料 throw light on阐明 put a stop to结束
时态
体态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
时间 be +现在分词 have+过去分词 have been+
现在分词
现在 works
work is
am + working
are has
have+worked has
have+been working
过去 worked was
were + working had worked had been working
将来 will
shall +work will
shall +be working will
shall+have worked will
shall+have been working
过去将来 would
should+work would
should+be working would
should+have worked would
should +have been working
1、一般现在时
1.1表习惯性动作；人或事物的特性或状态；客观真理等
Everyone is in high spirits. Light travels more quickly than sound.
1.2用于时间和条件状语从句，代替一般将来时
If it is fine tomorrow， we will go on a picnic. When you come next time， bring me some magazines.
1.3与具有"出发，到达"含义的动词连用，表示按计划将要发生的动作
The delegation arrives in Beijing this afternoon. There is a new film tonight.
2、一般过去时（表示过去某时间的动作或状态）
The children went out just now. She died ten years ago. I lost my wallet at the theatre.
3、一般将来时
3.1 will/shall do： Next month， my sister will be nineteen. I shall/will return you the book tomorrow.
3.2 be going to do： The wall is going to be painted green. It is going to rain.
3.3 be to do表示按计划要发生的事： We are to meet at the school gate.
3.4 be about to do即将（正要）做某事： Autumn harvest is about to start.
4、一般过去将来时
He said that he would get married soon. I asked him when he would come here again.
5、现在进行时
5.1表示说话时，或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的情况。 They are making an experiment now.
5.2 计划即将发生，如go， come， leave， arrive： He is coming here next week and is staying here until August.
6、过去进行时
We were talking about you a moment ago. I was playing the piano when she came in.
7、将来进行时
What will you be doing this time tomorrow？ I believe he’ll be coming soon.
8、现在完成时
8.1过去发生但对现在有影响的动作，常跟时间状语already， yet， never， before， recently， just， ever， once连用。
I have been to Peking many times. They have already published the results of their experiments.
8.2从过去某时间开始一直延续到现在（可能还要继续下去）的动作，常跟时间状语since， for two years，
so far， in recent years等（使用延续性动词）
He has lived here since 1984. I have studied English for two years.
1）他参军已经有十年了。 ①He has been an armyman for ten years.
②It is （has been） ten years since he joined the army.
③He joined the army ten years ago.
2）It is （has been）…since： It is （has been） a long time since they last met each other.
3） This is the first（second） time that…： This is the second time that I have broken a cup this year.
9、过去完成时
John had learned some Chinese before he came to China. He found the book that he had lost.
By the end of last year， I had worked in this college for ten years.
***no sooner………than， hardly（scarcely）……when（before）
We had no sooner reached home than it began to rain. No sooner had we reached home than it began to rain.
He had hardly entered the office when （before） the phone rang.
10、现在完成进行时（常跟for hours， since this morning等表示一段时间的状语连用）
They have been watching TV for two hours. He has been working on this essay since this morning.
11、时态呼应特殊规则
Kepler proved that the sun is the center of the solar system. 客观真理
I didn’t go to the ball because I am not fond of dancing. 意义需要
被动语态
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态
现在 am
is written
are am
is being given
are has
been written
have
过去 was
were written was
were being given had been written
将来 shall
will be written shall
will have been written
过去将来 should
would be written should
would have been written
***有些动词表示状态或关系，通常不用于被动语态：
cost花费 fit适合 have有 hold容纳 lack缺乏
own占有 possess拥有 resemble像 suit适合 last持续
The boy resembles his father. We have friends all over the world.
***少数短语动词通常只用被动语态：
①be taken in受骗，上当 ②be supposed to do something应该，被期望
③be intended for something（somebody） / to do something旨在，用于
The book is intended for beginners. We are supposed to meet at the gate at 7：00.
***转化为系动词的感官动词 + 表语
Good medicine tastes bitter. This material feels very soft.
***不及物动词和词组无被动语态： How long did the meeting last？
***in case， whether， where， as soon as遵照"主将从现"原则， 主句用将来时态，从句用现在时态
Whether I win or lose， I will have a good time. I will write to you as soon as I get here.
***表示心理活动和存在的动词一般不用进行时态： They love and respect each other.
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